Air India

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tawfik Jelassi in his book Strategies for e Business defined as the use of electronic means to perform an organisation’s business. It’s a development in the e Commerce deals with online sales,online payment, Online Marketing etc. Since the introduction of E business in 1995 it’s been a part in the growth of the company and changing the business structure. As a part of partial fulfilment of my module I have chosen Air India web site.Air India is one of the leading carriers in International airways in INDIA it uses website extensively for the booking of tickets and promotional strategies E business has became a tool for their growth in the past two years. This report is classified into Two parts in the first part Overview to the company and website is given and the Second part is all about Branding, Segmentation, ease of use and transactional facilities followed by conclusion and recommendations. COMPANY OVERVIEW:Air India is an India based world wide airlines company operating both passenger and cargo flights ranging from Boeing 747’s to Airbus A -310. From the day the first flight took of way back in October 15,1932 it is representing the perfect example of both class and quality . Air India is set to transform into world class airline carrier after it’s merger with Indian Airlines the leader in the domestic sector of airlines in India. In addition to the basic facilities providing to the passengers it also provide wide range of in-flight facilities such as Air Shows, Catering etc.Cargo Division of Air India transports wide range of goods and a shipment tracking service is also available online. Air India has got the Infrastructure along with the network which ensures safe transportation and delivery of cargo world wide. From the past three years there is a phenomenal growth on both US and European sector since 2002 network has been expanded to Newark, Los Angeles along with New York and Chicago in US / Numbe r of flights running to these destinations were increased from 10 to 24 flights includes daily services to Newark, New York, Chicago and a thrice a week flight to LosAngeles.Number of flights to United Kingdom were increased from 10 to 30 flights out of which 20 leave to London and Five To Birmingham. There is a significant increase in the frequency of flights to Far East and South Eastern Asia. In April 2005 Air India’s low cost subsidiary Airlines AIR INDIA EXPRESS came into existence operating flights to UAE, Qatar, Oman and Singapore. For the Financial Year ending March 2006 AIR INDIA has made a net profit of Rs 87,480 million with a 15% growth over the previous year. WEBSITE OVERVIEW: [pic]Web site is very informative with all the necessary attributes what an airline should have along with the special offers they have got with them. Through the internet ticket booking which is available on the website a passenger can book tickets of his choice up to five adults, four chi ldren and two infants and can pay the fare through debit card or credit card at a time. These bookings can be made from three hours to 360 days prior to the departure of the flight. There are three kinds of ticketing methods available they are electronic ticketing, ticket by mail and ticket pick up at Airport .We can check the Time table of the flights, status of the flight both arrivals and departure along with the special requirements if needed such as meal preferences, seat and wheel chair. A clear idea regarding the cargo services offered by the Air Lines is given very clearly such as destinations they cover, specific weight limitations to particular destinations and the types of services they offer along with the cargo tracking facility through which we can know the delivery status of the shipment. Air India is distributing e tickets through AMADEUS.Now Air India will offer the Amadeus – enabled e ticketing services across all of its International and Domestic services. This made the most content of the website available to the travel agencies this enables Air India to keep up the progress to improve both efficiency and Customer service. Branding: A brand as defined by Philip Kotler is a term, sign, symbol or combination of these which is used by the consumers to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of the competitors .Brand identifies a market or the seller it can also be named as trade mark, Logo etc. A brand is a promise by the seller to deliver constant benefit’s, features and services for the consumers. Brands vary with the amount of power and value they have got in the market. There are brands which have high degree of Brand Awareness, Brand Acceptability, Brand Preference and Brand Loyalty.High brand equity provides a number of advantages such as reduction of marketing costs because of brand awareness and brand loyalty, launch of extension’s become easy because o f brand name and creditability, this also offers the company some defence against the price competition. A brand name needs to be carefully managed to maintain its brand equity in the market to maintain so the companies should require to improve brand awareness, perceived quality and functionality and the positive association ( Philip Kotler, Marketing Management Millennium edition pg no 406).Air India follows all the fundamentals of branding to maintain its brand equity. Air India came into the market in 1946 with a Muscat of Maharaja (Emperor) which is very popular among the costumers in India. The Muscat symbolizes graciousness and rich living. This attempt of using Muscat took Air India’s sales and promotional messages to millions of passengers across the world. Price with quality gives value and value is why people tend to choose one brand over the other. Brand Marketing, Joe Marconi(2000), page 34) this is what Air India follows and gaining loyalty among the costumers. All the offers and the promotional strategies they follow help in maintaining the brand equity. The varied facilities they provide in the flight including Dining, Music ranging from Indian to western and Japanese music and videos in India to Japan flights is one among the unique features it has got which is attracting the passengers who fly from and to Japan.The Frequent Flyer programme and Flying Return Programme are introduced increases the brand loyalty. Air India is increasing its services to maintain it’s brand equity and attracting the new costumers by starting flights to the new destinations and creating a new sector in the cabin crew for the passengers with special needs all these helps Air India to live in the minds of the customers as a strong brand.The quality of service and the commitment to increase the costumer satisfaction makes Air India a top brand in India in the aviation sector and with it’s merger with Indian Airlines it is going create the same imp act on the domestic passengers as it created on the international customers from the past 56 years when they came into the market as a brand. MARKET SEGMENTATION: According to Philip Kotler ‘market segmentation is and effort done to increase the company’s precision marketing’. To segment consumer markets usually researchers look at the consumer characteristics such as Geographic, demographic, psychographic and behaviour. . Geographical Segmentation: It involves dividing the markets into different geographical units such as Nations,States,Regions,Counties, Cities and Neighbourhoods. 2. Demographical Segmentation: The market is divided into groups on the basis of variables such as Age, Size of the family, Family life cycle, gender, Income, Occupation, Education, Religion, Race, Generation, Nationality and Social Class. 3. Psychographic Segmentation: In Psychographic Segmentation buyers or customers are divided into different groups based on lifecycle or personality and values. . Behavioural Segmentation: Here Buyers or Consumers are divided on the basis of their Attitude towards the product or company, use of it, benefits, usage rate, loyalty status, Buyer Readiness stage . AIR INDIA’S market segmentation is a mix of all the consumer behaviour segmentation’s as mentioned above. Factors such as, Air fare which varies from destinations to destinations this supports that based on the destinations the costumers travel fare depends on to which destination they are flying is Demographic way of segmentation.The company’s website clearly provides all the basic necessities what an Airlines company should have. A passenger can book tickets whose family comprises up to five adults, four children and two infants where majority of family member range across the globe fall into this category. Seating arrangement are broadly classified into three based on the facilities provided like any other airlines. The three classes are First Class , Executive Class & Economy Class. The Preferences of the customers to book the class usually depends on their income, occupation, and Social Class.On the website if we se the two options while we book the ticket they are Restrictive fare and Flexible fare supports the above statement to some extent. All the variables such as Family size, income, occupation and social class are taken into consideration they all come under Demographic segmentation hence we can justify that the market segmentation of Air India follows Demographic segmentation. People who have got a life style of spending lavishly and love to be in esteemed state usually go with 1st class this life style is a variable of Psychographic segmentation.Air India provides extreme benefits for the passengers along with the basic needs such as Dining which offers a varied choice of menus ranging from Indian, Continental, to western nouvelle cuisine and Japanese meals on the India – Japan route if any passenger has got s pecial requirement varied choice of meals as many as 23 special meals whose details are present on the website. Serving first class passengers in Royal Dolton Bone China Crockery nd alcoholic bewarages which are served as complimentary in all classes are some examples of the benefits they provide the customers. Added to this in flight entertainment is provided with all accesses to different radio channels and offering music ranging from Indian to Jazz, Pop etc along with different videos of bollywood and many other regional languages are offered. Frequent Flyer programme and Flying return programme are the most attractive offers for the air India costumers through this they earn mileage points to redeem their tickets faster.Flying return programme has a membership of over 2,00,000 in India , Gulf, UK, USA, all these offer’s and the benefits they provide increase the loyalty status and usage rate and all these are the variables of the behavioural segmentation. Hence from the a bove points it is clear and evident that the marketing segmentation of Air India is mix of all the consumer characteristic segments. EASE OF USE: Air lines are using internet as an effective information dissemination and revenue generating channel (Connoly,Olsen Moore 1998).Standing(2000) claimed that the web has changed from pushing firms and services to pulling clients into value added opportunities that a company provide. According to Stuat (1996) an online catalogue should provide all the information what exactly customers need to make a purchase decision. All the promotions should include product information , product pricing and online ordering information. Connoly , Olsen, Moore (1998) argued that customers should know about Air Ticket prices , Schedules , and flight availability .Kucway (1997) stated that a appropriate airline website for starter should offer schedules , frequent flyer membership, tickets information and updated contact numbers for making reservations and a step beyond that is ability to make e- reservations. Airlines compete not only among each other but also with the other online travel agents such as Travelocity supported by SABRE and Expedia supported by Microsoft. The most common complaints about an about any web page is the lengthy time needed to load the web pages and loads of graphical images though these kind of graphical images attract the viewer.For every 10 sec taken by the graphics to be loaded before the webpage content can be seen there is a risk of loosing 20% of viewers (Taylor 1999). So web designers should try to avoid putting heavy graphical images on the home page and should provide link’s to the related sites or pages where the information is quoted. A successful business website notices customers to visit and purchase as it offers something of value more than that the customers cannot find any where else (Theobald and Dunsmore 2000) Some of the basic characteristics that make a successful airline website a re (Stout 1996) 1.Availability of product pricing and product information. 2. Online ordering information for general products and services. 3. Provision for extra benefits for customers such as discounts on fares etc. 4. Fast loading web pages especially where home page is located. 5. Graphics should be kept in a small display size and scrolling text should be avoided. 6. And to cultivate customer loyalty. Air India website has got all the features what a successful air lines website should have except problem with home page loading.It is very easy to accesses the website the website is developed in such a way that a viewer or the customer can be able to know all the information he needs . It provides the customers with the fleet i. e. with all the aircrafts they have got with them and which kind aircraft they are using for which destinations this is one of the unique feature of this website. All the general information such as booking the tickets , destinations where they fly , of fers they have got with them , special requests baggage tracking facility online etc. One of the unique features of this website is online cargo tracking facility.At the bottom of the homepage there links provided through which one can access the FAQ’s, Investor relations. About the Airlines etc. The website has been segmented into different pages and it is very easy to access the information it follows all the basic concepts and keep it’s brand name alive. Dave Chaffy in stated some principles which should be followed to design an effective webpage. If the web site is designed on these principles it will be user friendly and Air India website is one of the example of such websites with some exceptions.If the website is friendly then only the company can retain it’s costumers Air India is one of such website. TRANSACTIONAL FACILITIES: Transactional facilities are one of the important characters of an airline website. As these airline websites are meant for reser vations and payment of money usually so transactions are done at a higher rate on these websites. Company should be trusty and should give a durable service and the transactions should be secure Air India has got a data protection service which is present on the website.It’s a kind of procedure followed while a passengers books a ticket as a measure of extending the security system one should be able to provide all the details of his including Passport number etc by using or becoming a YATRIK ID holder after this the costumer is directed to purchase of ticket where there is a credit card or debit card verification system. The transaction process is very easy after the costumer pays the fare then immediately there will be mail including everything in the costumer’s mail box .Air India has got a well implemented technology and security features to safe guard the all the personal and transactional details. CONCLUSION: From the above all points we can conclude that Air Ind ia is one of the best example for an success full Air Line company operating the website. Website is filed with all the important information what a customer or passenger needs before booking tickets. All the offers and the destinations to which they fly and the shipment tracking facility on line is one of the important and unique feature of the website.RECOMMENDATIONS: By having a overall look at there are no significant problems with the website except the time taken by the home page to load which is the same case with many pages on the website. For every 10 seconds it takes for the graphics to be loaded before the complete Web page contents can be seen, there is a risk of losing 20% of the viewers (Taylor 1999) so keeping this view point the web page designers should be able to provide a efficient service overcoming this problem. The designers can break up the huge web page into multiple pages (Howe 1999).REFRENCES: ? www. airindia. in. ? http://www. m-travel. com/news/2007/05/ai r_india_to_di. html. ? Marketing Management by Philip Kotler Millennium edition. ? A study of Airlines ‘Online Reservations on the Internet Rob Law and Rita Leung. Journal of Travel research 2000;39;202. ? www. datamonitor. com Airlines in India Industry Profile November 2007 edition ,Reference code 0102-0756 ? E commerce Fundamentals and applications Henry chan, Ray Mondlee, Tharam Dillon, Elizabeth Chang 2001.

Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder

Role of a Stakeholder Paper Janice Horton MGT/420 November 26, 2012 Thomas Ach Role of Stakeholders The stakeholder representation of excellence as obtainable challenge to include the growing requirement for organization to act in response to the requirements and prospect of more and more assorted cluster at the same time as unmoving distributes shareholder value. Countless of the ideology and the practice of superiority organization have been eager with the requirements and potential of meticulous groups that have been approved for an extended time as part of the conventional decision-making replica (Freeman, 1984).These include collections such as clientele, staff, and dealers. The stakeholder model offers a hypothetical good reason and theoretical structure within which the excellence characteristic of associations with other, more varied, collection can be openly measured and lectured to in a holistic method. The stakeholder replica of quality can be consequently seen as basicall y different from replica that have come earlier than. Without a doubt, it is so different, it can be seen to symbolize an up-and-coming third age bracket of eminence that increasingly will substitute those that came former.Its focal point is motionless on excellence but the way in which superiority is lecture to be different. Three main stakeholders in Engro corporate hierarchy in Pakistan are the people who suggest and propose areas of improvement for enhancing the efficacy of quality management processes. The Board of directors plays an integral role to evaluate quality management processes throughout the life cycle of various projects while preserving and enhancing the image of the company.This resultantly improves quality in the management processes. Company employees are the stakeholders who gave candid feedback on the vision, progress, and evaluate the policies and highlight the areas of improvement. That is why a company like Engro has a policy that allows people to â€Å"Sp eak their Hearts out. † which allows their opinions and concerns to be heard. This tool also gives company’s many of ideas to improve upon their management style and processes.Various customers’ feedback surveys and surveys regarding knowing the voice of customers play an important role to give suggestions and opinionated ideas to add value to their systems and management processes. This brings definite value and quality in it. Another company like Agritech (Pak American Fertilizers Limited) in Pakistan arranges sessions with its major stakeholders during different times of the year. Customers, farmers, and dealers speak and help company improve upon their quality and processes.Sessions with Banks, suppliers, board of directors and employees are another toll to get 360 degree feedback on systems, quality, and processes to get ideas to build further upon them to improve management and quality in all aspects of their operations and systems of management. References Svendsen, A. (1998), The Stakeholder Strategy: Profiting from Collaborative Business Relationships, Berrett Koehler San Francisco http://www. cmqr. rmit. edu. au Wheeler, D. and M. Sillanpaa (1997). The Stakeholder Corporation. London, Pitman http://engro. com/our-businesses/engro-fertilizers-limited/

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U3 Research Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The Life and Times of Pat Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Life and Times of Pat Brown - Essay Example And it all began because of one man's unselfish and noble direction to produce the best results for California disregarding the growing population and his own political career. Edmund Gerald Brown had an early prediction of having a business and political career set before his eyes. He was the grandson of Augustus Schuckman and Joseph Brown, the father of his father, Edmund Joseph Brown who were one of the early successful business men who came to California in the 1800s (Rarick, "California Rising" 8-14). Resembling the same courage and desire as his ancestors', Edmund Brown abandoned his old life, hunted for a brighter future in the West, and considered California as his homeland. Edmund learned how to become a young entrepreneur from his father. Edmund and his brother learned the world of commerce by selling newspapers and snapped cheap pictures in the streets. During the World War I, Edmund encouraged people to buy liberty bonds by giving four-minute speeches in school. During this time, he acquired the name Patrick Henry Brown that has shortened to "Pat" because at the end of his speech, he would shout: "Give me liberty or give me death!" In high scho ol, he had used his organizing skills by being a leader of the groups he joined into. When he graduated in 1923, he worked for his father as a cashier for awhile before he decided to pursue law in San Francisco Law School. Because public speaking was a gift for him, he was given the roles of the yell leader and debating club president. While he was studying at law school, he was offered a job as a personal assistant by a blind lawyer named Milton Schmitt. He graduated law, top-notching his class. And upon Schmitt's death, he took over the practice. Pat Brown's political career started when he altered from being a republican to a democrat. He believed that prioritizing the nation's woes are necessary (Rarick, "California Rising" 25-26). "For the first time in his life, he was a democrat, the political label that would define his career. In the long years that follow, he never thought of going back." He stated that, "changing parties was akin to finding a new religion" which meant that he wanted to become a democrat for the rest of his life and "wanted to do things for people and felt that the government had a part in it, felt that the government should aid and assist." Brown took on campaign chores for the democrats' candidate for governor, Culbert Olson. He headed his fund-raising committee and speaker's bureau for all of North California and he won. But Brown did not land a job with Olson and though disappointed, he built his own course instead in hometown politics. In 1939, he had run for incumbent district attorney in San F rancisco as a democrat still though he had no experience in criminal issues. Even though he lost, he considered it as "an opening wedge." In 1943, he pushed his luck again and won, serving for seven years. He became the Attorney General of California after that for eight whole years. In 1958, he was the democratic nominee for Governor of California. Pat Brown became the "activist governor" of California in 1959 when he defeated William F. Knowland. His first term was regarded to be full of vigour and accomplishment (Rarick, "California Rising" 3). He funded the development of public colleges and universities, built vast system of dams and

Financial Accounting Theory Essay Example for Free

Financial Accounting Theory Essay The article â€Å"GM to Take Charge of $20. 8-Billion† here reproduced from The Globe and Mail (February 2, 1993) describes the potential impact of SFAS 106, â€Å"Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions,† on General Motors and Ford. For example, it appears that General Motors will be required to record a liability of $20. 8 billion, reducing its shareholders’ equity from $27. 8 billion to $7 billion, about a 75% reduction. Describe and explain how you would expect the efficient securities market to react to this information. SFAS 106, Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions: â€Å"This Statement establishes accounting standards for employers accounting for postretirement benefits other than pensions. It will significantly change the prevalent current practice of accounting for postretirement benefits on a pay-as-you-go (cash) basis by requiring accrual, during the years that the employee renders the necessary service, of the expected cost of providing those benefits to an employee and the employees beneficiaries and covered dependents. In exchange for the current services provided by the employee, the employer promises to provide, in addition to current wages and other benefits, health and other welfare benefits after the employee retires. It follows from that view that postretirement benefits are not gratuities but are part of an employees compensation for services rendered. This Statement relies on a basic premise of generally accepted accounting principles that accrual accounting provides more relevant and useful information than does cash basis accounting. Accrual accounting goes beyond cash transactions and attempts to recognize the financial effects of noncash transactions and events as they occur. Recognition and measurement of the accrued obligation to provide postretirement benefits will provide users of financial statements with the opportunity to assess the financial consequences of employers compensation decisions. In applying accrual accounting to postretirement benefits, this Statement adopts three fundamental aspects of pension accounting: delayed recognition of certain events, reporting net cost, and offsetting liabilities and related assets. (FASB, 2012) I would expect the efficient securities market to find this practice acceptable. â€Å"Accrual-based accounting is more effective than cash-based accounting. A few arguments to support this theory are: certain cash receipts and disbursements are â€Å"lumpy,† within operating cash flows receipts and payments can be lumpy, accrual-based accounting is a better predictor of a company’s long-term financial performance. Also all formal statements need to be set up using accrual-based accounting, and publicly traded companies need to use accrual-based accounting to conform to GAAP standards (Keener, 2012). 2. Chapter 4: Problem 12 (Imax) a. To what extent can revenue growth substitute for net income as a predictor of future earning power? Explain. Use efficient securities market concepts in your answer, and consider the requirement under GAAP for immediate writeoff of research and startup costs. â€Å"Both revenue growth and net income are useful in determining the financial strength of a company, but they are not interchangeable. Net income describes how efficient a company is with its spending and operating costs and how effect ively it has been controlling total costs. Revenue, on the other hand, only indicates how effective a company is at generating sales and does not take into consideration operating efficiencies which could have a dramatic impact on net income (Investopedia, 2012). † â€Å"Start-up costs are defined as â€Å"those unusual one-time costs incurred in putting a new plant into operation, opening a new sales outlet, initiating a new process in an existing plant, or otherwise commencing some new operation (FASB, 2012). † †Costs of start-up activities, including organization costs, should be expensed as incurred (FASB, 2012). â€Å"Definition of Revenue Recognition An accounting principle under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that determines the specific conditions under which income becomes realized as revenue. Generally, revenue is recognized only when a specific critical event has occurred and the amount of revenue is measurable. Revenue Recognition explained For most businesses, income is recog nized as revenue whenever the company delivers or performs its product or service and receives payment for it. However, there are several situations in which exceptions may apply. For example, if a companys business has a very high rate of product returns, revenue should only be recognized after the return period expires. Companies can sometimes play around with revenue recognition to make their financial figures look better. For example, if XYZ Corp. wants to hide the fact that it is having a bad year in sales, it may choose to recognize income that has not yet been collected as revenue in order to boost its sales revenue for the year (Investopedia, 2012). † b. Use the concept of relevance to defend the revenue recognition policies outlined above. Relevant financial statements give information to investors about the firm’s future economic prospects (Scott, 2009). † c. Use the concept of reliability to criticize the revenue recognition policies outlined above. â€Å"To be reliable, information must have representational faithfulness and it must be verifiable and neutral (Scott, 2009). † d. To the extent that investors are aware of the possible use of revenue recognition policies that overstate revenues (even though, for a specific firm, they may not know the extent to which that firm is using such policies), what is the effect on the operation of the capital market? Explain. â€Å"Investors have prior beliefs about a firm’s future performance. These prior beliefs will be based on all available information. If net income is high, or higher than expected, this may be good news. If so, investors would revise upward their beliefs about future performance. Other investors, who perhaps had overly high expectations for what current net income should be, might interpret the same net income number as bad news. Investors who have revised their beliefs about future performance upward will be inclined to buy the firm’s shares at their current market price, and vice versa for those who have revised their beliefs downward. We would expect to observe the volume of shares traded to increase when the firm reports its net income. Furthermore, this volume should be greater the greater are the differences in investors’ prior beliefs and in their interpretations of the current financial information (Scott, 2009). †

Independent Basis Service Set or IBSS Essay Example for Free

Independent Basis Service Set or IBSS Essay Independent Basis Service Set or IBSS is the most basic wireless local area network topology. Sometimes IBSS is also called an Ad Hoc Network. The IBSS is a form of WLAN network topology wherein the set of stations are being recognized by each of the stations. They are connected by the use of a wireless media in a fashion of peer-to-peer. In an Independent Basis Service Set topology, there is a direct communication between the mobile stations. There is a limitation in the communication between a mobile station to the each and other mobile stations because of the limitations in range. Relay functions are not present in an IBSS topology, so all the mobile stations that are connected should be within the range to be able to communicate properly (FallsConnect. com, 2007). Another Wireless LAN topology is the Infrastructure Basic Service Set. The component of the IBSS is termed as an access point (AP). The role of the access point in the Infrastructure BSS is to supply relay functions for the entire basic service set. Communication in the entire BSS is already done in the local points and direct communication is longer occurring. Relay of frames are done by the access points between the mobile stations. The relay function of the access point is effective and efficient in doubling the rage of the Infrastructure Basic Server Set. The access point of the Infrastructure Basic Service Set is also able to offer a bond or a connection that will be linked to the delivery system. The distribution system is also considered as the strength of character of the wireless local area network. The distribution system is the one which provides communication in an access point with other access points. The communication goals are to replace frames for the stations in their basic server set, to promote frames to pursue mobile stations as they move from one basic server set to another basic server set. Swapping over of frames to with a wired network is also a goal of the communication in the distribution system (FallsConnect. com, 2007). IEEE 802. 11 gave distribution system a definition that it may either be wired network similar to the 803. 2 or a special point box wherein interconnection of the access points and supply of required distribution services is given. There is a creation of an extension of the mobility range to an arbitrary range. And this is made possible by the 802. 11 by using the Extended Service Set. Extended Service Set is a set of communication for the basic server set. This is where the access points are able to communicate within themselves. Facilitation of movement from a station to the other station of the basic server set is the goal of the access points’ communication with other access points (US Robotics, 2007). The determination of a traffic done that was forwarded to the basic server set is being identified by the distribution system. The determination and evaluation of the traffic if it should be communicated back to the destination where it came from or if the traffic should be promoted to other access points are some of the roles of the distribution system. Access points have been able to transmit communication to the mobile station. This communication was made possible by the use of distribution system. The communication transmitted will be received immediately by the mobile station. The single MAC Layer is composed of the extended set server. Another composition of the MAC layer network are the mobile stations outside the extended server set. In the single MAC Layer network, all of the work stations are immobile. Network equipments outside the extended server set is not allowed to have mobility unless they are inside the extended server set. These kinds of indirection equipped with the 182. 11 architecture permits other network protocol outside the extended server set to operate properly in the wireless local area network where mobility is available and present (US Robotics, 2007). The data link layer of the Ethernet Local Area Network system was derived from the Medium Access Control protocol. The Media Access Control protocol is the one which summarizes a SDU. Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance is the shared wireless media. This is where the MAC Layer offers controlled access. It is commonly like the impact detection access method of the 802. 3 Ethernet Local Area Network. The summary is started with the addition of a 14 byte header before the data and after the data there will also be an addition of a 4 byte (32 bit). The 14 byte header is the Protocol Control Information while the 4 byte is the Cyclic Redundancy Check. Reliable data delivery for the upper layers is being provided by the IEEE 182. 11 MAC Layer. 802. 11 MAC Layer provides security and privacy services to the delivery of the data. Services like authentications offer security together Wireless Equivalent Privacy. The Wireless Equivalent Privacy is the data delivery encryption service for the wireless local area network.

The Effects Of Climate Change In North America Politics Essay

The Effects Of Climate Change In North America Politics Essay Climate change is one of the biggest issues of discussion in the world today and is already affecting societies around the globe. North America, being one of the most influential areas of the planet, has the added pressure of setting the proper example in preparing its society to adjust for the possible changes to be made in regards to climate change. Given the economic power that North America holds over various countries worldwide, the decisions and actions that are taken are going to have a direct impact on the other nations as well. The US is put in a place of control when it comes to the matter of climate change, and as a result, if the US continues to deny the changes that are occurring in the world of today, other countries will continue to suffer and will not be able to take the necessary actions in order to prevent the downfall of their own societies. Actions are starting to be taken by both the government and non-governmental organizations, who are trying to inform the gene ral public on what the current situation is with climate change and the possible outcomes. There is a clear effort being made to help slow down, or even prevent climate change from making a large impact on society, but if there is a major impact, unfortunately society will not be able to cope accordingly. The programs to prepare society for the worst to come exist, but there is not enough focus on these programs to get the message across. If this information is not distributed around the world, and if this subject is not taken seriously, human civilization could very well already be on its way to downfall. North America is taking steps in order to prepare its population for change in order to deal with climate change and make sure that society is affected as little as possible. In order for the world to be able to tackle the subject of climate change, all nations will have to come together and educate their own people on the dangers and potential problematic outcomes of this ongoing shift in the worlds climate, starting with the United States. The governments of North America have programs which are made to inform the general public about the current situation of climate change; however, there is not enough emphasis put on these programs to convey this message to societies. It is a known fact that climate change is one of the main issues of discussion in the world today, and that it is going to take a global effort in order to get results. North America is one of the leading polluters of today, and therefore it is extremely important for the US to be aware of what is happening in terms of climate change. The United States government has programs that are specifically designed to inform the general public about what is going on with climate change and what can be done to prevent it, cope with it, and prepare for the worst. This is despite the fact that the reports of several governmental agencies in the United States and around the world cite human activity as one of, if not the primary driver of global climate change, (Nag el et al, 2008). The programs exist, the government is aware of what needs to be done, but there is simply not enough focus on these programs. For example, on June 16th, 2009, the White House helped launch the Global Climate Change Impacts on the United States report, which is a representation of thirteen agencies that, in the course of a year and a half, focused on potential climate change impacts on the United States. Yet, a large group of the United States public is completely unaware of the fact that this report was written. Sadly, the government knows this and even takes it into account, as stated in the document Responses to climate change impacts in the United States will almost certainly evolve over timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Implementing these response strategies will require careful planning and continual feedback on the impacts of policies for government, industry, and society, (Waple, 2009). Non-governmental organizations are the ones at the front lines, informing the general p ublic one person at a time, letting people know what steps need to be taken in order to cope with, or even prevent climate change. Even though these organizations are putting in the hours of effort to inform the public, the majority of people shy away from the NGOs and choose to not take them seriously and not regard this as a real problem that will eventually have an impact on the world. In order for the human race to respond appropriately to the results that climate change will have on society, people have to be made aware of the expected outcomes. As stated by the National Assessment Synthesis Team in Washington, D.C. Climate change will affect different segments of society differently because of their varying exposures and adaptive capacities (NAST, 2000). There are many different environmental issues that the world is being faced with. Some are local, where others will have an impact on a global scale. Environmental issues are comprised of social interactions and natural phenomena, in this sense, they are hybrid issues of society and the environment, (Giddens, 2009). Due to the amplification of social awareness dealing with environmental problems in the 1970s, sociology has focused part of its reasearch on global climate change, known as environmental sociology. Environmental sociologists study the complex and versatile relationship between human beings and their natural environments, which also covers the question of why social systems have a tendency to exceed their ecological carrying capability. The report done on understanding climate change suggests that there are certain areas of research that scientists must take as a priority. These areas include 1) human activities that alter the earths environment; 2) forces that drive these activities; 3) consequences of environmental changes for societies and economies; and 4) how humans respond to these changes, (Nagel et al, 2008).The main issues that the world has to deal with are pollution and waste, resource depletion, genetic modification of food, and global warming. Air pollution clearly has a global influence, and is mainly caused by outdoor pollution, produced mainly by industrial pollutants, and indoor pollution, causes by burning fuels at home such as heating. Human societies depend on natural resources from the planet wood, water, plant life, animals. These are mainly classified as renewable resources, however, if there is no balance between consumption and reproduction, there is a risk that there will be no more left. Rapid population and economic growth in the arid and semi-arid regions of Southern California, the central valley of California, and the front range of the Rocky Mountains has radically increased exposure to water shortages (NAST, 2000). Along with consumption rates, population shifts and development choices are making more Americans vulnerable to the expected impacts of climate change, (NAST, 2000). North America being one of the more heavily populated areas in the world also raises the vulnerability of the specific regions that are densly populated. The four most populous states in 2000 California, Texas, Florida, and New York accounted for 38 percent of the total growth in U.S. population during that time, and share significant vulnerability to coastal storms, severe drought, sea-level rise, air pollution, and urban heat island effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Over 80 percent of the U.S. population resides in urban areas, which are among the most rapidly changing environments on Earth, (N AST, 2000). In some cases the negative outcomes of climate change do not directly affect North America, but the nations that supply North America with their export. Which in turn also has a negative affect on North America. The main component of climate change, which is global warming, has the most noticeable impact on societies, scientists have recently estimated that global warming kills about 160,000 people every year (Giddens, 2009). In general, the groups of people that are going to be affected the most are the youth, the elderly, and the economically disadvantaged (NAST, 2000). This is due to the fact that people who are at a disadvantage, socially and monetarily, are unable to acquire the resources necessary in order to cope with these changes. The rise in global temperatures during the summer and the fall of temperatures during the winter are at an all time high and low, respectively, and human beings are not prepared to the best of their abilities, and consequently human beings are the ones who are losing the battle against the shift in climate. Another problem area that is beginning to arise is that of health and the mutation of pre-existing disease and viruses, public health researchers have begun to note variations in seasonal diseases, like the flu, and the geographic spread of malaria and diarrheal diseases resulting from ill-equipped sanitation services and a lack of access to clean, fresh water, (Nagel et al, 2008).Yet, with these facts, there is still no drastic change or effort being made to prevent this from happening; and there is further research that must be done before scientists will be able to estimate how much these changes will result in negative societial outcomes. Other areas of the world are also making an effort to inform the general public about climate change and the potential changes that will have to be made in order to prevent negative outcomes. The Kyoto Protocol was created in 1997, in Kyoto, Japan and was put into action in February 2005, and since then 187 states have signed the protocol. The Kyoto protocol is a convention that was created in an attempt to fight global warming and lower greenhouse gas emissions by restricting countries gas emission percentages. Ironically enough, the United States is the only nation that has not signed and has no intention to ratify the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was created when George W. Bush was still president of the US, and he was of the firm opinion that climate change not only was not a problem, but did not even exist as an important global issue. As a result, the US has been put far behind the rest of the world in terms of acknowledging and acting on this matter. This is a set-back to the global effort in fighting climate change and will continue to create problems, in the long run, if there is no agreement reached on this subject shortly. If information about climate change does not reach the majority part of the planets population or the subject is not kept in mind with the main events that are yet to come, human civilization may as well accept the steady downfall of our planets wellbeing. With North America continuing to play its role in the world regarding the issues of climate change, noticeable actions need to be taken for the prevention of climate change, from a societal perspective. The reactions to the impacts of climate change in North America will transform over time as people learn more about what they are dealing with, and the extent to which it will affect the population. In addition, there have to be more comparative studies of the political dynamics of climate change across multiple nations. Evidently, this is not left up to the hand full of people in a position of power in the world to do; there are other factors that can also contribute to this evolution. Cultural habits, religion, and personal norms and values are able to influence the majority, if not, everything from population growth to beliefs about the environment as a whole. There has to be a better understanding of how and where these social groups stand, in terms of the global movement, towards a better environment, and how the general public, political powers, and non-governmental organizations can work together to effectively improve it. North America has huge potential to deal with these issues, compared to other countries in the world, however their methods of informing the population and the advice that they give to their people as a means of being able to improve their situations is not yet at its best. Although North America has considerable adaptive capacity, actual practices have not always protected people and property from adverse impacts of climate variability and extreme weather events, (Parry et al, 2007). There is still much that must be shared between people of power and people who belong to those societies. Climate change is a real issue that will eventually affect the entire world, and measures must soon be taken, on a serious level, if societies worldwide are to try and overcome this new life threatening obstacle.

The Paperless Office and Paperless Society Will Never Happen

The Paperless Office and the Paperless Society Will Never Happen With the widespread introduction of computer terminals into offices, and the growing popularity of the personal computer, futurists and computer proponents envisioned the arrival of the â€Å"paperless office†. They predicted that in the near future, virtually all paper consumed in offices would be replaced by electronic, computer based mediums. Office workers, who before the advent of the computer relied entirely on typewriters, paper filing systems, and printed documents, could now create, store, and share information using computers. There would be no need to print out documents, because they would be always conveniently available for view using any available computer terminal. Even libraries, which traditionally contain shelves upon shelves of printed books, could be replaced by a large collection of books in electronic form. There are several main advantages of electronically stored information, as opposed to paper-based information. Content deep within an electronic library can be found using searching algorithms, and a single item within an electronic library can be shared and accessed by a nearly unlimited number of users simultaneously, who can be located in diverse geographic locations. Another advantage of a â€Å"paperless society† is environmental in nature: a dependence on paper takes its toll on our world’s forests, which are vital to the planet in many ways, such as providing oxygen, absorbing rainwater, protecting soil, and regulating climate. I would argue, however, that this environmental advantage is somewhat stretched out of proportion by computer advocates, because the manufacture of computers requires natural resources, and there are new environm... ... Industry Key Statistics As Published by the Pulp and Paper Products Council. American Process Inc. [v] Statistics Canada CANSIM Data Base. CANSIM is an official Mark of Statistics Canada. Series: C892268, Source: SDDS 3604 DEMOGRAPHY DIVISION [vi] Statistics Canada CANSIM Data Base. Series: D10505, Source: SDDS 4432 STC (63-016XPB) [vii] Same as (4). [viii] Laser Printer History. 4 Apr. 2001. American Calco Inc. [ix] Information Technology and Structural Change of the Global Forest Sector. 28 Feb. 2003. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. [x] Healy, Sean. No Technofix for the Third World. 4 Oct. 2001. ZNet.

Long overdue Conversation :: Drama

Long overdue Conversation Topic / Scripture : Using the time God gives us; the importance of family; Mat. 20:6 â€Å"About the eleventh hour he went out and found still others standing around. He asked them, â€Å"Why have you been standing here all day long doing nothing?† Setting: Anywhere. The audience will assume that this is just a father having a conversation with his daughter, Could be in the kitchen, the living room, outside on the porch†¦anywhere. Characters: Don – the father. Tender hearted, he’s nervous, uncomfortable with this conversation, but intent on finally doing this right. Scene: Don is sitting on a chair facing the audience, wringing his hands, looking nervous but determined as he begins this conversation. Don: This is a little awkward†¦Just bear with me honey, we need to talk about some things†¦ I probably should have done this sooner, but you caught me off guard†¦you know? Yesterday you were playing with Barbies and riding your little pink bike with the training wheels still on. Then I turned around and you were going on dates, looking at colleges, wearing that goo on your face†¦(sheepishly and a little defensively) I got used to it. J I sure could have used more time in there somewhere. Another decade or two. Okay, so here we go†¦ Ummm†¦drugs are bad†¦don’t use them†¦they could rot your teeth†¦no, um, kill your brain cells†¦and stuff. You probably shouldn’t smoke either†¦yeah, I know I do, but you’re still too young, cigarettes really will rot your teeth. Plus, your mom really hates how they smell†¦so it’s better if you just don’t start. (At this point he pulls out a crinkled up piece of paper and spends some time smoothing it out and fidgeting with it, checking it, etc.) I, uh, wrote a list†¦J†¦I didn’t want to forget anything†¦you know, while I have momentum going and stuff†¦ Okay, so here’s the big one†¦it’s uh†¦well, this one’s really important†¦boys are†¦uh†¦boys are great†¦but, they’re still boys you know? So you’ve got to be really careful. You’ve got to be smart honey. You’re so smart, and funny. And you’re really talented and you’re beautiful. I’m not just saying that because I’m your dad. You really are. Boys call the house all the time for you. They do! Hey, I didn’t say we answer it every time, that’s why we have caller ID. No, I’m just kidding honey†¦kind-of. Anyway†¦(looking down at his list again)†¦so, you just need to be on your toes. Don’t believe everything they tell you. And you should probably bring a friend with you on your dates. Bring several friends. The more the merrier†¦(chuckles, but it’s clear he means it).

Race :: essays papers

Race When I was a little girl, my best friend's dad was a neurologist. He tricked us with color and number tests and other brainteasers. I was fascinated by how my brain reacted to the games, and ever since, I have wanted to study the brain. Later, as a high school sophomore, I still focused on being a doctor, and that year I was deemed worthy of an internship at a local hospital. So, the following summer, I gave up late mornings and relaxing by the pool to get up early and help doctors at the hospital. I had originally applied for a neurological internship, which the program did not offer, so I was shuffled into working with doctors in the maternity ward and the nursery. Nevertheless, by the end of the first week, I was feeding babies, checking vitals, changing diapers, and rolling them in carriages to their mothers and fathers. Each moment I spent helping the doctors with the newborns, I wondered if I should be an o.b./gyn doctor instead of a neurologist. One morning a few weeks after I began the internship, the doctors told me a mother was to deliver a baby, and she had given permission for me to view the delivery. For awhile the mother tried to deliver, but she was tense; the doctors kept telling her to relax and stay calm for the baby. The tense mother continued trying to deliver, and with the doctor's encouraging words and the heat of the small, boxy room, I became conscious of what I was about to witness and wondered if I could handle it all. Before I could change my mind, a small, smooth head slowly emerged. I discovered what I had expected - I could not take it. Tears filled my eyes along with the healthy newborn baby's. What I had seen, some never see -- including the father who had decided he should stay in the much calmer hallway. As the beautiful baby was carried around from doctor to doctor to be examined and then to the mother's arms, I realized that I did not want to be an o.b./gyn doctor. Residents had warned me that this job must be a passion or one would burn out from stress and constant fatigue, which I definitely felt after watching the birth of a baby. As my internship continued, I helped doctors in the neo-natal care unit.

Poetry Is Key Essay

I interview Amani because she is a teenager guided by mentorship. She revealed to me how being mentored by positive, loving, and caring people has changed who she is as a person. She said â€Å"I see a big change in myself. It’s like my whole life I’ve been so angry and upset, and it was all because I was being misguided and I didn’t have the chance to become who I am now. † This interview helped me because It kind of showed me what type of response I should be getting from the kids in my program. It is simply a calibration of how the kids that decide to participate in my mentorship program should react. Frohman, Denice. â€Å"Denice Frohman – â€Å"Gangsta Poetry†Ã¢â‚¬  YouTube. YouTube, 16 June 2009. Web. 05 Dec. 2013. This video is a video of a youth poetry mentor for PYPM (Philadelphia Youth Poetry Movement) who also participated in the Unliter Us Campaign. In this poem she speaks about differ writing tools (metaphors, similes, personification, etc) and different types of poems (haiku, slam, etc). She also talks about motivating the youth to get involved in poetry and imagination. This poem will help me because It is not only an introduction to different types of poetry and all types of writing tools but it’s in a cool poem that, to me, will make the kids want to know more and be less reluctant to participate in my program. Howard, Zora. â€Å"Zora Howard Mama (lyrics). † YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2011. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. This is a video by a youth slam poet alumni named Zora Howard who is now on a traveling adult poetry group called Strivers Row. This video is of a poem she performed. The poem is in letter form so it starts out saying, â€Å"Dear Son,†. Evidently, she is talking to her son in the letter. Her son is in the army and she’s writing him on his birthday just reminiscing about all the things they used to talk about and do before he was drafted into the army. This poem will help me because performance wasn’t at a competition so the tension is low and she’s just releasing. Although, from my knowledge, the poem is just not real fact for her, it still tells a story in it. It will show the kids how to turn a poem from a regular free  form poem into a letter or a story. James, Cliche M. â€Å"Who Need’s Mentorship. † Personal interview. 27 Jan. 2013. I interview the mom of a boy who had never had any form of mentorship to ask her if she thought that mentorship was important and who did she think that it was for. She said that she thinks that it is a difference between â€Å"needing† mentorship and â€Å"wanting† it. She feels as though kids who going down the wrong road in life or kids who just have pain in there life that is hard to let go of should have mentorship. This interview helped me with my research because it, for the most part, proved to me that I made the right choice in targeting kids who have some pain in them, kids that practically have nothing to look forward to because of the situation that their parents are in. James, Nasir. â€Å"The Importance of Mentorship. † Personal interview. 27 Jan. 2013. I interview my nephew, a 15 year old boy who has had mentorship every super since he was 12. I asked him what the importance of mentorship was. At first he was a little reluctant because he though that he didn’t get much out of it but when I began to ask him other questions to break it down. Questions like was there anything about his personality that changed because of the interaction with someone who you could put your trust in and things like that. He ultimately said that after 3 years of being in contact with his mentors, he has seen a difference in who he is and that being with them, he now knows what kind of man he wants to be. He also said that if he didn’t have mentors, he would still have become a good person it would have taken a bit longer. This interview was important because I wanted to know how younger teens felt about mentorship because if they didn’t care, then there would be no purpose of me doing it in the long run because it wouldn’t have changed anything. Lissaint / Strivers Row, Carvens. â€Å"†Praise† by Carvens Lissaint. † YouTube. YouTube, 02 Feb. 2011. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. This is another video of a youth poet alumni from New York city. He is another member of the poetry group called strivers row and in his younger years, he was on the NYC poetry team that went to the nation wide poetry competition BNV (Brave New Voices) which  premiered on HBO in 2006. This poem is about poetry and every sense that plays a part in writing and speaking poetry. I think that this will help me because I know that a lot of people have a single story about poetry. A lot of people don’t really know what it cane be and in this poem, the poet Carvens Lissaint, touches in on all of that . Mans, Jasmine. â€Å"Michelle Obama by Jasmine Mans. † YouTube. YouTube, 25 Oct. 2010. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. This is a video of yet another strivers row poet. Jasmine Mans was on the NYC team in 2006. This is a video of a poem she recorded called Michelle Obama. This poem is about how first lady Michelle Obama inspires young black women to be great and do great things. It tells them that because she did it, that they can. I think that this will be a good video to use in my program because when I visited the shelter, there was a significant number of girls and I think that showing them this will help them find confidence. Perrin, Brianna. â€Å"The Importance of Mentorship. † Personal interview. 30 Jan. 2013. I interview a senior named Brianna Perrin about her experience with mentorship and community service to get a better understanding of how she felt about it afterward. I also got a chance to find out what she took from the experience as a person who had been mentored and decided to pass it on. I think that this interview was very helpful and very successful. It gave me a perspective of a person who had the same urge as I had. She expressed to me that to her it was more than just helping others and I feel the same way. Going to the shelter is about more than helping others its also a branch of growth for myself. â€Å"Poetic Devices. † Poetic Devices. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. This is a link to a list of poetic devices. This link will be useful because I know that even I don’t know so It’ll help me and help the kids at the program. â€Å"Poetry. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. I decided to use this link because some people think that poetry is only one thing, when in all actuality, poetry can be many things. This will be helpful because it will give a mor formal introduction than me saying this is was a metaphor is. It will actually explain to them what things are and how they should be used. I also think that this will show the kids the overall brand of poetry so that they know that poetry can be almost anything. This will be just an outline for what I want the kids to take from this program come April or May. Shearlds, Khalil. â€Å"Mentorship. † Personal interview. 7 Jan. 2013. This is the Manager, Center for Parenting & Early Childhood Education at the People’s Emergency Center. I interviewed him about the importance of mentorship and who needs it. This interview was important for me to do because this is what he does on a day to day basis. He mentors kids to show them where they can go and to let them know that they don’t have to stay planted in a place where they aren’t happy just because someone put them there. This will be important in the long run because, not that I already didn’t know, i will always know my mission. â€Å"What Is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy? † What Is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy? N. p. , 05 Apr. 2007. Web. 04 Jan. 2013. This is a link to the definition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I was talking to someone about my capstone and they told me that my whole idea fell along the lines of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. When I looked it up it actually told me a lot about myself and why poetry seemed to work for me. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that is directed toward dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes. It’s basically disturbances of your feelings triggered by the things and stresses that you go through. This helped me because it told me almost exactly what these kids are going through inside. Young, B. â€Å"I Am A Queen – Urban Word NYC – BNV Semis 2008. † YouTube. YouTube, 24 July 2008. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. I decided to use this video of a New York City Poet B. Young. This poem was about his theory of why he would want to be a queen in the game of chess because it’s not about being the protected, he thinks that the protecter is the most important. I decided to use this video because I think it is a good perspective for young men to A realize how important a Queen/girl is and B to understand that being the protected or being the person who everyone who is always being looked after isn’t always who you want to be, sometimes you want to be apart of something bigger. Z. , Sharvon. â€Å"Philly Youth Poetry Movement. † Philly Youth Poetry Movement RSS 20. N. p. , 01 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. This is the website for PYPM or Philadelphia Youth Poetry Movement. This is the where I got my mentoring from so not to incorporate and utilize this source would be foolish of me. This website will give me the latest updates on the PYPM team, there videos and events that I could possibly invite my teens to. I can use the videos posted on the website and some of the ideas from poetry workshops to use during my program.

Designing a Toasting Oven in Order to Produce Corn Flakes

Prof. Dr. Suat Ungan Fd. E. 425 f be Engineering form Coordinator Middle East Technical University solid food Engineering Department Ankara 06531 November 25, 2011 beloved Mr. Ungan, Please accept the accomp eaching pasture Term Report, aimed invention a cacoethes up oven in tell to produce give flakes. In the inventioned governing body 10 tons gamboge flakes per day is produced. later nearly processes, break away flakes enters the roasting oven at 20% humidity and exits at 4%humidity. The roasting oven can ope count at (10 ? C) 225 0C. Toasting oven is designed by considering its continuance, bea and run temperature.Optimizations argon by dint of concord to these particularors on the salute of the occur design. In the design schema, carousel prohibitedfox dried is utilise. 350 days of the year go down works and pro canalion occurs 16 hours in a day. Corn flakes enter the oven at 225 0C . Amount of mien is figure as 0,648 kg juiceless line of b usiness/s . Length of the drier is reckon as 2. 27 m. in the result of optimizations make according to proper wrying sentence and spread-dry diam. waken animation necessitate to rhytidoplasty the gateway temperature of send stunned to 225 0C, is found as 157kw and warmheartedness deviation is found as 23. 6kw.Through these data, add investment which contains sere salute and galvanizingity equal is found as 92794. 98TL. Sincerely, group 3 members duck OF nub SUMMARY In this design a rotary desiccant is designed for drying of lemon flakes which have the wet discipline 20%. Corn flakes ar dried with expression 9 % wet surfeit. The business is through with(p) for 16 hours in a day and 10 tons lemon yellow flakes are produced per day. In harvest-homeion process, corn flakes are cooked under insisting. aft(prenominal) cooking step, loose masses are broken to pieces and send to driers in order to constrict the moisture level at 20%. After this proce ss, roduct is flaked between large steel cylinders and cooled with home(a) peeing attend. Soft flakes are set up to rotary driers in order to vapour to 4% final moisture bestow and toasting. In the toasting oven, flakes are heart-to-heart to 225 0C logical argument for 2-3 min. The drier distance is mensurable as 2. 27 m with the diameter of 0. 082m with the self-reliance of 4%moisture sate deferral look and 9%content pop outlet cinch. F funky stride of melt is calculated as 0. 206kg/s. Mass menses rate of the inlet get off is calculated as 0,648 kg dry propagate/s. Energy needed for bring the temperature of origin to 225 0C is calculated as 157kw and heat disadvantage in the dodging is 23. kw. By devising optimizations total capital investment is calculated as92794. 98TL which complicates 84881TL galvanizingity monetary value and 7913TL baked salute. at long last by making optimizations, in order to have nominal length and qualified energy for th e drier, 215 0C is chosen the best temperature for the inlet product line. I. INTRODUCTION band dryers potentially dissemble the oldest continuous and undoubtedly the most unwashed high volume dryer used in industry, and it has evolved more adaptations of the technology than any different dryer classification. 1 Drying the physicals is an important exercise process.It is alike matchless of the important move in cement production process, and scratchs the timber and consumption of the grinding machine. Drum dryer is the main equipment of drying materials, it has simple structure, reliable act, and favorable to manage. However there are rough problems which are huge heat loss, low thermic power, high heat consumption, more dust, and difficult to control the moisture out of the machine. It plays a significant role in improving drying technology level and thermal efficiency in drying process, reduce the thermal and production lost. 2 In this design we are asked to desi gn a rotary drier which works 16 hours in a day and produces 10 tones corn flakes per day. as well as it is mentioned that, corn flakes enters to drier at 20 %humidity and exits 3-5%humidity. This report is about designing a rotary dryer with its dimensions for considering to get the minimum total appeal. Optimizations are through according to inlet temperature of the air to the drier. In the design strategy heat needed for heating the inlet temperatures and length of the rotary dryer as material woo is thought, and optimization is through by considering minimum total equal for the ashes.II. PREVIOUS expire Drying is perhaps the oldest, most common operation of chemical engineering unit operations. all over four hundred types of dryers have been describe in the literature while over one hundred distinct types are commonly available3 Drying occurs by effecting vaporization of the liquid state state by providing heat to the wet impartstock. Heat whitethorn be supplied by convection (direct dryers), by conduction (contact or indirect dryers), radiation sickness or by microwave. Over 85 percentage of industrial dryers are of the convective type with impatient air or direct combustion artilleryes as the drying medium.Over 99 percent of the applications involve removal of piss. 3 * lot rainless All rotary dryers have the feed materials passing through a rotating cylinder termed a trick out. It is a cylindrical blast usually constructed from steel plates, slightly inclined, typically 0. 3-5 m in diameter, 5-90 m in length and rotating at 1-5 rpm. It is operated in around cases with a negative internal pressure (vacuum) to prevent dust escape. Depending on the governing body for the contact between the drying fumble and the unscatheds, a dryer may be assort as direct or indirect, con-current or counter-current.Noted for their flexibility and heavy construction, rotary dryers are less sensitive to wide fluctuations in throughput and product sizing. 4 * Pneumatic/Flash dried-outThe pneumatic or flash dryer is used with products that dry rapidly owe to the easy removal of free moisture or where any needed scattering to the surface occurs readily. Drying takes place in a matter of seconds. Wet material is complex with a menses of heated air (or other gas), which conveys it through a drying duct where high heat and mass imparting rates rapidly dry the product.Applications include the drying of filter cakes, crystals, granules, pastes, sludge and slurries in fact almost any material where a pulverisationed product is required. * spray Dryers Spray drying has been one of the most energy-consuming drying processes, yet it mud one that is essential to the production of dairy farm and food product powders. Basically, spray drying is effectuate by atomizing feed liquid into a drying chamber, where the small droplets are subjected to a stream of hot air and converted to powder particles.As the powder is dispatch from t he drying chamber, it is passed through a powder/air separator and composed for packaging. Most spray dryers are equip for primary powder solicitation at efficiency of about 99. 5%, and most can be supplied with secondary collection equipment if necessary * quietised Bed Dryer Fluid bed dryers are found passim all industries, from heavy mining through food, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. They provide an effective order of drying relatively free commingleing particles with a reasonably narrow particle size distri exception.In general, fluid bed dryers operate on a through-the-bed prevail pattern with the gas passing through the product normal to the direction of travel. The dry product is discharged from the same section. * Hot Air Dryer- Stenter textile drying is usually carried out on all drying cylinders ( talk terms drying) or on stenters (final drying). Drying cylinders are basically a series of steam-heated drums over which the flairl passes. It has the drawb ack of pulling the fabric and effectively minify its width.For this reason it tends to be used for talk terms drying * Contact Drying- Steam Cylinders/Can This is the simplest and cheapest mode of drying woven fabrics. It is mainly used for intermediate drying rather than final drying (since there is no means of controlling fabric width) and for pre drying antecedent to stentering. * Infra red drying Infrared energy can be generated by electric or gas infrared heaters or emitters. Each energy source has advantages and disadvantages.Typically, gas infrared systems are more valuable to buy because they require safety controls and gas-handling equipment, but they often are less pricely to run because gas usually is cheaper than electricity. sport infrared is often a strong choice for applications that require a circumstances of energy. Products such as nonwoven and textile webs are examples where gas often is a goodly choice. 5 * III. DISCUSSION For the designed system a rota ry drum dryer is chosen. Rotary drum dryeris used for drying material with humidity or granularity in the industries of mineral dressing, building material, metallurgy and chemical.It has advantage of average structure, high efficiency, low energy consumption6 advantages of drum dryer Sui plank for handling liquid or pasty feeds. Product is powdery, nonconcentric form Uniform drying receivable to equal application of film. moderate range capacities. very High thermal efficiency unceasing operation Compact readiness close construction is possible7 By hot air stream, heat for Toasting of the flakes in the drier, or in the oven, is provided instead development flat baking surfaces. Depending on the production type and flow rate, drum dryer satisfies rotating at a constant speed, the dip and the length.The drum is alike perforated so that allows the air flow inside. The perforation should not likewise much large but also prevent the escape of flakes. Also, during the ther mal give-and-take browning, expansion degree, texture, flavour, storage stability is determined. In order to obtain the correct determine, the drying temperature and succession should be adjusted properly. For the optimization of the system, length of the drier, diameter value, working temperature are affect stamping grounded cost, shifting cost and the heat loss from the system is considered.First at all, ever-changing by temperature how affect necessary length is calculated T air in Z 210 2,308504 215 2,296091 220 2,284367 225 2,273274 230 2,262764 235 2,252792 It is seen that after temperature of the hot air join ons, the necessary length of the system drop-offs . repayable to decreasing of necessary length of the system , realm decreases also , so fix cost is decreased (Money of dryer + inductance) on the other hand according to table 6 T air in Q system electric cost expanse funds for cost of dryer + institution total cost 210 146,708 79222,32709 ,231014 7949,19 2995 87171,52 215 cl,2011 81108,57297 1,224622 7936,763821 89045,34 220 153,6941 82994,81886 1,218584 7925,023661 90919,84 225 157,1872 84881,06474 1,212872 7913,916768 92794,98 230 160,6802 86767,31062 1,20746 7903,393249 94670,7 235 164,1733 88653,5565 1,202325 7893,408318 96546,96 table 6 Q loss is increase , by temperature increase so variable cost(electric cost ) is increased also. owever, due to not big changing in the subjects fix cost variable do not change alike much by increasing or decreasing the temperature, but Q loss, on the other hand, makes too much difference by increasing or decreasing the temperature and also electrical cost for one kw/h is 0. 15 TL ,the difference of changing one temperature to other one is too big than fix cost. And according to data and tables, the best temperature is 2100C due to this reasons do not have a peculiar(prenominal) curve to us , the result is predicted as the minimum temperature. i. Assumptions * Working sequence of the engr aft is presume as 16 hours Drying cartridge holder is assumed as 150 seconds (optimum time is given as 2-3 proceeding). * Surface temperature of the corn flakes entering the drier is assumed as 25oC(Tfeed=25oC) * humidness of the air at the inlet and the outlet is assumed as 0. 04 and 0. 09, respectively. * circumstantial heat of the air is assumed as constant. ( cp,air=1. 02kj/kg*K) * Only the constant drying rate is considered in the calculations since it has a critical moisture of 4. 5-5. 2 %. 4 * The shape of the flakes is assumed as spherical. * Radius of dryer is taken as 0. 082 m The efficiency of the drier is assumed as 85% to realize the calculations. ii. affirmable source of errors * The shape of the corn flakes may not be perfect spheres. * Calculations may be done improperly due to the air humidity assumptions. * The corn flakes may be stuck on each other. * IV. RECOMMENDED pattern 1. Drawing of proposed design 2. Tables Listing Equipment an Specifications Equipmen t Specifications Rotary Drum Dryer Heating Medium Hot Air * Temperature 225 o C * Humidity in 0. 04 kg piss / kg dry air * Humidity out 0. 09 kg urine supply / kg dry airLength 2. 27 mPeripheral Area 1. 13 m2Material Stainless SteelType PerforatedProcessing time 3 minutes or 150 seconds TABLE 1 3. Tables for Material and Energy Balances T air, in (C) 210 215 220 225 230 235 T air, out (C) 163. 67 167. 57 171. 48 175. 37 179. 27 183. 16 Product rate (kg/s) 0. 174 0. 174 0. 174 0. 174 0. 174 0. 174 provisions rate (kg/s) 0. 206 0. 206 0. 206 0. 206 0. 206 0. 206 Mass of air (kg/s) 0. 648 0. 648 0. 648 0. 648 0. 648 0. 648 H in, air (kj/kg) 226. 107 231. 490 236. 874 242. 257 247. 641 253. 25 H out, air (kj/kg) 192. 191 196. 767 201. 343 205. 912 210. 495 210. 071 Q (kj/s) 33. 916 34. 724 35. 531 36. 339 37. 146 37. 954 Q loss (kj/s) 22. 006 22. 530 23. 054 23. 578 24. 102 24. 626 T feed in (C) 25 25 25 25 25 25 T feed out (C) 46. 253 46. 275 46. 298 46. 320 46. 343 46. 366 Z, le ngth (m) 2. 32 2. 296 2. 284 2. 273 2,263 2. 253 A, peripheral area (m) 1. 231 1. 224 1. 219 1. 213 1. 207 1. 202 time (seconds) 150 150 150 150 150 150 TABLE 2 4. Process Economics fit to 225oC QSYSTEM =157,18 kJ TEDAS ,for 1KW/hour electric , cost is 0. 5TL. - galvanic cost = QSYSTEM *3600*0,15 Eqn 19 Electric cost=84881,065TL - Area =(2*? *r*z)+(2*? *r2) Eqn 20 world=1,2128m2 For money cost dryer and readiness a formula is found which is - comprise = 5555,56+ 1944,44*area Eqn 21 money cost dryer and knowledgeability= 7913. 91TL - Total cost = electric cost + money cost dryer +installationEQN 22 Total cost=92794,98TL T air in Q system electric cost area money for cost of dryer + installation total cost 210 146,708 79222,32709 1,231014 7949,192995 87171,52 215 150,2011 81108,57297 1,224622 7936,763821 89045,34 220 153,6941 82994,81886 1,218584 7925,023661 90919,84 225 157,1872 84881,06474 1,212872 7913,916768 92794,98 230 160,6802 86767,31062 1,20746 7903,393249 94670,7 235 1 64,1733 88653,5565 1,202325 7893,408318 96546,96 TABLE 6 count 1 FIGURE 2 V.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS To sum up, the aim of this design project is to design a toasting oven for corn flakes to decrease its moisture content from %20 to 3-5 %. For this purpose, by exploitation inlet temperature, humidity of air and inlet temperature and moisture content of corn flakes the system is designed. Moreover, during calculations length and radius of dryer, operating time, operating capacity and heat losings from the system is considered. After doing this calculation, the optimization done by altering the working temperature of the system and dryer radius and by considering heat losses from the system.These alterations affect to the both variable and rigid costs and different fix and variable cost value are obtained. Different total costs values are obtained by using fixed cost and variable cost values and optimization is done. Finally, it is conculed that the dryer length is 2. 27 m w hen inlet air temperature is 225 oC. However, optimum length is obtained when the inlet air temperature is 215 oC which is 2. 296 m by considering total cost for the system. As a result, theoretical calculations are unified with practical approach and feasible system is designed for the problem.As a recommendation, for the drying process of corn flakes other dryer types can be used. Fluidized bed dryer can be used for this process. There are some important advantages of this dyer. As an example, this type of dryer has very high thermal efficiency and low processing temperature can be used for the processing. 8 Moreover, the system should be controlled carefully, because any fluctuations in the temperature or other variables could make adverse effects. Temperature of the inlet air should be censored and color censor should be added to outlet of product to control the feeling in a best way. VI. address Special thanks for their help and backing to our instructors Prof. Dr. Suat UNG AN Assist. Cem BALTACIOGLU * VII. TABLE OF NOMENCLATURE xfeed = kg immobile/kg feed xproduct = kg fast(a)/kg product Xfeed = kg water/kg dry solid Xproduct = kg water/kg dry solid Humidity air in= kg water/kg dry air ? =density (kg/m3) Q =volumetric flow rate (m3/s) V=speed (m/s) D= diameter (m) g= gravitational acceleration (m/s2) Qloss = kJoule Hin = Kj /kg dry air hproduct = kJ/kg Gair = kg dry air/m2. s * VIII. REFERENCES 1 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. process-heating. om/Articles/Drying_Files/d238aadb9d268010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ 2 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. rotary-drum-dryer. com/Knowledge/2011-05-08/141. html 3 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. energymanagertraining. com/bee_draft_codes/best_practices_manual-DRYERS. pdf 4 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. barr-rosin. com/products/rotary-dryer. asp 5 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. thinkredona. org/rotary-dryer 6 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. blcrush ers. com/chanping/2011-08-17/111. html? gclid=CM39p73vxKwCFQkLfAodemc4rw 7 Retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. rrowhead-dryers. com/drum-dryer. html 8retrieved on November 2011 from http//www. directindustry. com/prod/british-rema-processing-ltd/fluidized-bed-dryers-62696-580253. html * IX. APPENDIX warning CALCULATIONS Mass values and fractions data competency = 10000 kg per day product As assumed working time = 16 hours per day Product flow rate = (10000kg/day)*(1day/16hours)*(1 hour/3600) Product flow rate=0,174 kg/s Feed flow rate = (0,174*0,95)/0,8 Feed flow rate= 0,206 kg/s moisture content of feed = 0,2 kg water/kg feed Moisture content of product = 0,05 kg water/kg product xfeed = 0,8 kg solid/kg feed product = 0,95 kg solid/kg product Xfeed = 0,2/0,8(=0,2/0,8=0,25 kg water/kg dry solid) Xfeed= 0,25 kg water/kg dry solid Xproduct = 0,05/0,95(=0,05/0,95=0,053 kg water/kg dry solid) = 0,053 kg water/kg product Xproduct= 0,053 kg water/kg product Temperature & humidit y data Temperature of the air in = 225 oC Temperature of the feed = 25 oC Humidity air in = 0,04 kg water/kg dry air Humidity air out = 0,09 kg water/kg dry airH For determination G value, water correspondence is made as - G*Hin + F*Xfeed/(1+Xfeed) = G*Hout + P*XproductEqn 1. G*0,04 + 0,206*0,25/(1+0,25) = G*0,09 + 0,174*0,053/(1+0,053) G= 0,648 kg dry air/s For finding energy proportionateness, Hin , Qloss , Hout are calculated - Hin = (1,005+1,88* Hin)*Tair,in Eqn2. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993, p. 429) Hin = (1,005+1,88*0,04)*225 Hin = 242,25 kJ/kg dry air As efficiency is taken 85% - Qloss = 0,15*Hin (85% efficiency) Eqn3. Qloss = 36,33 kJ/kg dry air - Qloss in system = G*QlossEqn4. Qloss in system = 0,648*36,456 Qloss in system = 23,578 kJ/s - Hout = (1,005+1,88* Hout)*Tair,out Eqn5. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993, p. 429) Hout = 1,1742*Tout Energy balance - G*Hin = G*Hout + Qloss Eqn6. 0,648*243,045 = 0,6 48*(1,1742Tair,out) + 23,626 Tout air = 175,369oC Use eqn 5. And Hout is found as Hout = 205,91 kJ/s - Siebels Equation 33,49*(H2O) + 837,4Eqn 7. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993 Eqn 5-33 p. 211) So , by using this equation cp,feed = 1,5 kJ/kg. oC cp,product = 0,98kJ/kg . oC ? feed = 1390 kg/m3 - hfeed = cp,feed*Tfeed Eqn. 8 hfeed = 1,5*25 hfeed = 37,5 kJ/kg - hproduct = cp,feed*Tproduct Eqn. 9 hproduct = 0,98*Tproduct Energy Balance G*Hin + F*hfeed = G*Hout + P*hproduct + Qloss Eqn 10. 0,648*243,045 + 0. 206*37. = 0. 648*206. 59 + 0. 174*0. 98* Tproduct + 23. 63 Tproduct = 46,32 oC hproduct = =45,39 kJ/kg As mentioned, assumption of radius of dryer is taken 0. 082 m - Gair = 0,648/(? *r2) Eqn. 11 Gair = 30,68 kg dry air/m2. s - hair = 1,17*(Gair)0,37 Eqn. 12(Transport Process and legal separation Process Principles, Geankoplis , Eqn 9-6-10 p. 583) hair= 4. 5 kj/ kg cp,air=1. 02kj/kg*K - HTOG = (Gair*cp,air)/hair Eqn. 13 (Mass Transfer Operation, Tr eybal, p. 704) HTOG= 7. 535 Tair,in = 225 Tair,out = 175. 369 Tfeed = 25 Tproduct =46. 32 So TG is found by - TG = Tair,in Tair,out Eqn. 14 TG = 49. 06 - TM = (Tair,in Tfeed) + (Tair,out Tproduct)/2 Eqn. 15 TM = 164,52 -NTOG = TG/TM Eqn. 16 NTOG = 0,301 - z = NTOG*HTOG Eqn 17 z= 2,27 m - QSYSTEM=Gair*Hin Eqn 18 =242,25*0,648 QSYSTEM =157,18 kJ TEDAS ,for 1KW/hour electric , cost is 0. 15TL. - Electric cost = QSYSTEM *3600*0,15 Eqn 19 Electric cost=84881,065TL Area =(2*? *r*z)+(2*? *r2) Eqn 20 AREA=1,2128m2 For money cost dryer and installation a formula is found which is - Cost = 5555,56+ 1944,44*area Eqn 21 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, grievous bodily harm . S. Peters) money cost dryer and installation= 7913. 91TL - Total cost = electric cost + money cost dryer +installation EQN 22 Total cost=92794,98TLFor finding changes due to increasing temperature to higher or lower ( 10 ? C) from 225oC Humidityin and Humidityout are taken constant. Humidity air in = 0,04 kg water/kg dry air Humidity air out = 0,09 kg water/kg dry airH T air in Hin Q loss Qloss in SYSTEM Tair out Hout 210 226,107 33,91605 22,00620197 163,6782 192,191 215 231,4905 34,72358 22,53015916 167,5753 196,7669 220 236,874 35,5311 23,05411635 171,4724 201,3429 225 242,2575 36,33863 23,57807354 175,3695 205,9189 230 247,641 37,14615 24,10203073 179,2666 210,4949 235 253,0245 37,95368 24,62598792 183,1637 215,0708 TABLE 4Gair and h are constant , as I found before as hfeed = 37,5 kJ/kg and Gair =30,68 T air in T product h product h air h TOG TG TM N TOG z 210 46,25308 45,32802 4,152621 7,535866 46,32179 151,2126 0,306336 2,308504 215 46,27571 45,3502 4,152621 7,535866 47,42469 155,6498 0,304688 2,296091 220 46,29834 45,37238 4,152621 7,535866 48,52759 160,087 0,303133 2,284367 225 46,32097 45,39455 4,152621 7,535866 49,63049 164,5243 0,301661 ,273274 230 46,3436 45,41673 4,152621 7,535866 50,73339 168,9615 0,300266 2,262764 235 46,36623 45,43891 4,152621 7,535866 51,83629 173,3987 0,298943 2,252792 TABLE 5 T air in Q system electric cost area money for cost of dryer + installation total cost 210 146,708 79222,32709 1,231014 7949,192995 87171,52 215 150,2011 81108,57297 1,224622 7936,763821 89045,34 220 153,6941 82994,81886 1,218584 7925,023661 90919,84 225 157,1872 84881,06474 1,212872 7913,916768 92794,98 230 160,6802 86767,31062 1,20746 7903,393249 94670,7 235 164,1733 88653,5565 1,202325 7893,408318 96546,96 TABLE 6 FIGURE1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 According to figures, most suitable temperature is 210oC by making optimization.